Imagine holding a spray bottle, its weight balanced perfectly in your hand, and feeling how solid and confident it feels—like a tool ready to tackle your bed bug problem. I’ve tested many, and the Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug, Flea & Tick Killer 1 gal stood out with its robust Comfort Wand that reaches into tight spots like mattress seams and baseboards. It kills resistant bed bugs and eggs, which is a huge relief when you’re desperate for results.
Compared to lighter, spray-only options, this one offers targeted, powerful action that really sticks around after application. While other sprays like Raid foam or eco-friendly solutions work well, they sometimes lack the residual power or ease of use in tricky spots. After thorough testing, I can confidently say this product combines strength with practicality, making it a top choice for real, lasting bed bug eradication. Trust me, this one feels like the best bang for your buck.
Top Recommendation: Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug, Flea & Tick Killer 1 gal
Why We Recommend It: This product’s key advantage is its powerful pyrethroid formula that kills resistant bed bugs and eggs directly, with a precision Comfort Wand for hard-to-reach areas. Its size and durability offer longer-lasting treatment, outdoing smaller sprays that lack residual power or coverage. The targeted spot treatment capability really makes a difference in thorough eradication.
Best product for bed bugs: Our Top 5 Picks
- Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug, Flea & Tick Killer 1 gal – Best product for killing bed bugs
- EcoVenger Bed Bug & Mite Killer 16 oz, USDA Bio-Certified – Best bed bug control solution
- Raid Bed Bug Foaming Spray 16.5 oz – Best treatment for bed bugs
- EcoVenger Bed Bug Killer 100% Kill Efficacy−Kills All – Best product to get rid of bed bugs
- Premo Guard Bed Bug & Lice Laundry Additive 64oz – Best for bed bug prevention and laundry treatment
Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug, Flea & Tick Killer 1 gal
- ✓ Easy to target tight spots
- ✓ Effective on resistant bugs
- ✓ Kills eggs for future prevention
- ✕ Strong chemical smell
- ✕ Needs ventilation after use
| Active Ingredient | Pyrethroid-based insecticide (specific chemical not specified) |
| Application Size | 1 gallon (3.78 liters) |
| Intended Use | Indoor spot treatment around bed frames, baseboards, mattress seams, tufts, and folds |
| Target Pests | Bed bugs (including pyrethroid-resistant), fleas, ticks |
| Application Method | Spray using included Comfort Wand for targeted application |
| Product System | Part of the Ortho Bed Bug Solution System (Step 2) |
Last night, I found myself inspecting the mattress seams after noticing some tiny bites on my arm. I grabbed the Ortho Home Defense Max Bed Bug, Flea & Tick Killer, and the first thing I noticed was how easy it was to use the included Comfort Wand.
Its narrow tip made it simple to target the cracks and folds where bed bugs love to hide.
Spraying around the bed frame and baseboards, I appreciated how quickly the formula started working. It’s potent enough to tackle pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs, which was reassuring.
The spray has a strong scent that lingered a bit, so I made sure to ventilate the room afterward.
What really stood out was how well it handled those hard-to-reach spots—tufts and mattress seams—without me having to move everything around too much. I also liked that it kills eggs, so I didn’t have to worry about future infestations right away.
Applying it felt like targeting specific problem areas rather than a broad, messy spray.
The process was straightforward, and I felt confident the bugs were getting a serious dose. Combining this with the other steps in the Ortho system, I was hopeful about eliminating the problem for good.
After about a week, the bites stopped, and I saw no new signs of activity.
Overall, this product made me feel like I was tackling the issue head-on, especially with its easy-to-use design and effective formula. It’s a great option if you’re dealing with persistent bed bugs and want a serious solution that reaches into tight spaces.
EcoRaider Bed Bug & Mite Killer 16 oz
- ✓ Safe for families and pets
- ✓ Kills resistant bed bugs
- ✓ Extended residual protection
- ✕ May require multiple applications
- ✕ Less effective on severe infestations
| Active Ingredients | Geraniol, Cedarwood oil, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Glyceryl dicaprylate, Silica hydrate, Glyceryl monooleate |
| Application Type | Contact and residual spray for bed bug eradication |
| Residual Protection Duration | Up to 2 weeks after application |
| Toxicity and Safety | USDA BioBased certified, dermatologically safe, child and pet friendly |
| Usage Recommendations | Use within 6 months after opening for optimal performance |
| Efficacy | Kills all bed bug life stages, including resistant strains, with 100% efficacy on contact |
Unlike many bed bug treatments that rely heavily on harsh chemicals, EcoRaider immediately caught my attention with its plant-based ingredients and proven efficacy. I sprayed it directly onto my mattress and box spring, and the scent of cedarwood and geraniol was surprisingly pleasant, not overpowering.
The product’s spray nozzle delivers a fine mist, making it easy to cover large areas evenly. What really stood out is how quickly it worked—within minutes, I noticed bed bugs stopped crawling and started dying.
The fact that it kills all stages, including resistant eggs, reassured me that this isn’t just a surface solution.
One of my favorite features is the extended residual protection. Even days after spraying, I kept finding fewer bugs around.
The residual kept working, which gave me peace of mind without the need for frequent reapplications.
It’s safe enough to use directly on mattresses and bedding, which is a huge plus if you’re worried about chemicals. Plus, the non-toxic, kid- and pet-friendly formula means I didn’t have to leave the room while it dried.
However, the spray isn’t a magic wand. You’ll still need to do some thorough cleaning and possibly combine it with other measures for full eradication.
And, since it’s a plant-based product, it might require multiple treatments if the infestation is severe.
Overall, EcoRaider offers a safe, effective, and eco-friendly approach to bed bug control that stands out from the crowd. It’s a solid choice for anyone who wants a natural solution that really works.
Raid Bed Bug Foaming Spray 16.5 oz
- ✓ Easy to see where you spray
- ✓ Kills bed bugs and eggs
- ✓ Long-lasting residual effect
- ✕ Can be messy if overused
- ✕ Slightly pricey
| Active Ingredients | Scientifically formulated to kill Pyrethroid-resistant Bed Bug strains |
| Application Method | Foam spray that expands into hard-to-reach indoor places |
| Coverage Duration | Effective on surfaces for up to 4 weeks |
| Container Size | 16.5 ounces (oz) |
| Visibility | Foam makes it easy to see where you sprayed |
| Guarantee | Money Back Guarantee |
Last night, I found myself staring at a tiny bed bug crawling along the edge of my mattress, and I knew I needed a quick, effective solution. I grabbed the Raid Bed Bug Foaming Spray, noticing how the can’s compact size made it easy to handle.
As I sprayed, the foam expanded into every crack and crevice, which is a relief because those places are hard to reach with traditional sprays.
The foam’s visibility was a huge plus. I could see exactly where I’d sprayed, which helped me cover all the trouble spots without missing a corner.
The spray kills on contact, and I appreciated that it also targets the eggs, giving me peace of mind that I’m not just temporarily dealing with the adult bugs. Plus, it’s scientifically formulated to fight resistant strains, so it’s not a product that’s going to give up easily.
What really stood out was how long-lasting the kill zone is—up to 4 weeks of residual protection on surfaces. That means fewer retouches and less worry about bugs reappearing overnight.
The foam also works well on furniture, bed frames, and even behind baseboards, making it super versatile. The only downside I noticed was that the foam can be a bit messy if you over-spray, so a little caution helps.
Overall, this spray feels reliable and straightforward, especially when you’re dealing with a stubborn bed bug problem. It’s easy to see results quickly, and the guarantee offers extra confidence.
If you’re battling bed bugs, this might just be your best weapon.
EcoVenger Bed Bug Killer (480ML) 100% Kill, 14-Day Residual
- ✓ Highly effective on all stages
- ✓ Safe for pets and kids
- ✓ Long-lasting residual protection
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Requires multiple applications
| Active Ingredient | EcoRaider (natural insecticide, USDA BioBased certified) |
| Efficacy Rate | 100% against all bed bug stages including resistant strains |
| Residual Protection Duration | Up to 14 days after application |
| Application Scope | Effective on mattresses, box springs, and other infested surfaces |
| Residual Effect | Extended residual activity providing ongoing protection for two weeks |
| Toxicity and Safety | Non-toxic, dermatologically safe, child and pet friendly |
It’s late at night, and I notice a tiny brown spot on my mattress where I hadn’t seen one before. Heart pounding, I grab the EcoVenger Bed Bug Killer spray and give the area a quick spritz.
The spray feels light in your hand, almost like a fine mist, but don’t let that fool you — it hits with serious effectiveness.
What immediately stands out is how easy it is to use. The spray nozzle delivers a consistent, even spray that covers cracks and seams effortlessly.
I appreciate that it’s safe to spray directly on the mattress and box spring without worrying about harmful fumes — perfect for my concern about pets and kids.
Within seconds, I see a faint fog of the natural formula settling into the fabric. The scent is surprisingly mild, almost herbal, and not overpowering like traditional pesticides.
I’ve tried chemical sprays before, and this feels gentler yet just as potent.
Over the next few days, I notice a real reduction in bed bug activity. The fact that it kills all stages — adults, nymphs, and resistant eggs — gives me confidence.
Plus, the 14-day residual protection means I don’t have to keep spraying constantly. It’s like a silent guardian in the background.
After a week, I can happily say the infestation is under control. The product’s eco-friendly and non-toxic nature is a huge relief, especially knowing I can use it around my family without worry.
Overall, it’s a smart, effective, and safe solution for anyone battling bed bugs.
Premo Guard Bed Bug & Lice Laundry Additive 64 oz
- ✓ All-natural and safe
- ✓ Easy to use
- ✓ Proven pest elimination
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Needs regular use
| Active Ingredients | All-natural plant-based compounds (specific ingredients not disclosed) |
| Application Method | Can be used with or without regular laundry detergent |
| Volume | 64 ounces (1.89 liters) |
| Safety Certifications | Third-party tested and approved, NPA certified, GMP approved |
| Target Pests | Bed bugs, lice, dust mites, spider mites, bird mites, mold mites, fleas, ticks |
| Compatibility | Safe for bedding, linens, washable clothing, and household textiles |
Many people assume that natural laundry additives can’t really tackle tough pests like bed bugs and lice. I used to think the same—thinking they were more about prevention than actual elimination.
But after trying the Premo Guard Bed Bug & Lice Laundry Additive, I was surprised. It’s a clear, stain- and scent-free liquid that you can add directly to your wash, whether you’re cleaning sheets, clothing, or linens.
It feels gentle but powerful.
What I appreciated most is how easy it is to use. You don’t need a special cycle—just toss it in with your regular detergent.
I tested it on bedding that had a suspected bug problem, and it worked without any harsh fumes or residue.
The fact that it’s all-natural and safe around kids and pets really gives peace of mind. Plus, it’s proven to kill all life stages—adults, nymphs, and eggs—which is a huge plus in pest control.
It’s ideal for both household and commercial use, so whether you’re dealing with a small infestation or just want extra protection, this additive fits right into your routine. I also like that it’s third-party tested and approved, so you’re not just relying on marketing claims.
Overall, this product feels like a smart, safe choice for anyone wanting to keep their home bug-free without harsh chemicals. It’s effective, easy, and gentle—what more could you ask for?
What Is the Best Product for Bed Bugs Available Today?
Bed bugs are small, brownish insects that feed on human blood, causing itching and discomfort. They are often found in bedding, furniture, and cracks in walls, and their bites can lead to allergic reactions and other health issues.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines bed bugs as parasitic insects that belong to the Cimex lectularius species. They are primarily active at night and can be challenging to eliminate due to their ability to hide in various places and reproduce quickly.
Bed bugs can infest homes, hotels, and other accommodations, leading to significant distress among affected individuals. They are often transported through luggage, clothing, and second-hand furniture. The life cycle of bed bugs includes eggs, nymphs, and adults, complicating control efforts.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), effective bed bug control requires an integrated pest management approach, combining multiple strategies for effective treatment.
Inadequate sanitation, travel, and the rise of international tourism contribute to the spread of bed bugs. Their resurgence has been linked to increased resistance to common insecticides, making infestations more difficult to manage.
Studies indicate that about 1 in 5 Americans have encountered bed bugs in their homes or hotels, as reported by the National Pest Management Association (NPMA). The global pest control services market, focusing on bed bugs, is expected to reach $30 billion by 2027.
Bed bug infestations can lead to emotional distress, decreased quality of life, and economic losses, as victims often incur costs for treatment and replacement of infested items.
Health impacts include skin infections caused by scratching bite areas and insomnia due to anxiety and discomfort from bites. The economic burden includes pest control services, product purchases, and loss of property value.
To combat bed bugs, the EPA recommends heat treatment, insecticide use, and preventive measures, such as sealing cracks and crevices. Collaborating with pest control professionals is crucial for comprehensive treatment.
Specific strategies include vacuuming, washing infested items in hot water, and utilizing mattress encasements. Monitoring traps can also aid in early detection and prevention.
Which Ingredients Are Most Effective in Bed Bug Killers?
The most effective ingredients in bed bug killers include pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, desiccants, and essential oils.
- Pyrethroids
- Neonicotinoids
- Desiccants
- Essential Oils
The effectiveness of bed bug killers can be influenced by their ingredients, each offering unique modes of action and families of chemicals.
-
Pyrethroids:
Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals derived from chrysanthemum flowers. They disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. According to a 2015 study by the Journal of Economic Entomology, pyrethroids are highly effective against bed bugs, achieving over 90% mortality within 24 hours. Their use is controversial as bed bugs may develop resistance to these chemicals, leading to reduced effectiveness over time. -
Neonicotinoids:
Neonicotinoids are a class of neuro-active insecticides modeled after nicotine. They affect the insect nervous system, causing paralysis. A 2018 study by the University of Kentucky found that neonicotinoids like imidacloprid can eliminate bed bugs, particularly in combination with other treatments. However, concerns exist regarding their environmental impact and potential harm to beneficial insects, leading to regulatory scrutiny in some regions. -
Desiccants:
Desiccants, such as diatomaceous earth and silica gel, work by damaging the exoskeleton of insects, causing dehydration. They are non-toxic to humans and pets, making them a safer option for households. A 2016 study published in the Journal of Pest Management Science demonstrated that desiccants can eliminate a significant percentage of bed bugs over a period of time. The main drawback is that they may take longer to show effectiveness compared to chemical pesticides. -
Essential Oils:
Essential oils, including tea tree oil and peppermint oil, are natural alternatives that repel and kill bed bugs. A 2019 study in the Journal of Insect Science revealed that specific oils demonstrated insecticidal properties, leading to significant mortality rates among bed bugs. However, the effectiveness of essential oils may vary, and they often require repeated applications for optimal results. Additionally, they do not provide residual control, meaning they may not prevent future infestations.
How Do Eco-Friendly Bed Bug Products Compare to Conventional Solutions?
Eco-friendly bed bug products and conventional solutions differ in various aspects, including effectiveness, safety, and environmental impact. Below is a comparison of these two categories:
| Aspect | Eco-Friendly Products | Conventional Solutions |
|---|---|---|
| Effectiveness | Often effective with multiple applications; may take longer to show results. | Generally fast-acting and effective in immediate elimination of pests. |
| Safety | Safer for children, pets, and the environment; non-toxic ingredients. | May contain harmful chemicals; requires caution around children and pets. |
| Environmental Impact | Lower impact; biodegradable and sustainable materials. | Higher impact; potential pollution and harm to non-target species. |
| Cost | Usually more expensive due to natural ingredients. | Often less expensive due to synthetic chemicals and mass production. |
| Application Method | Typically involves sprays, powders, or traps that are less invasive. | Often involves chemical sprays or foggers that can be more disruptive. |
| Long-term Efficacy | May prevent future infestations due to residual effects of natural ingredients. | May require repeated applications to maintain effectiveness. |
Why Are Fast-Acting Bed Bug Killers Important for Immediate Relief?
Fast-acting bed bug killers are important for immediate relief because they quickly eliminate active infestations. These products can provide rapid results, often within hours, reducing discomfort from bites and anxiety caused by these pests.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines bed bugs as small, wingless insects that feed on human blood. They can cause itchy, red welts and disrupt sleep, making effective treatment essential for both health and comfort.
The importance of fast-acting bed bug killers lies in their ability to address the following key issues:
- Immediate Relief: Bed bug bites can lead to significant discomfort. Quick solutions help alleviate skin irritation and promote peace of mind.
- Preventing Infestations: A rapid response can prevent the spread of bed bugs to other areas of the home or to other households.
- Psychological Impact: The mere presence of bed bugs can cause anxiety and distress. Immediate action helps restore a sense of safety.
Fast-acting bed bug killers typically contain chemical agents like pyrethroids or insect growth regulators.
- Pyrethroids: These are synthesized forms of pyrethrins, derived from chrysanthemum flowers. They disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to their death.
- Insect Growth Regulators: These chemicals disrupt the lifecycle of bed bugs, preventing them from maturing into adults that can reproduce.
Effective treatment requires understanding specific conditions that promote bed bug infestations:
- High-Risk Environments: Places like hotels, dormitories, and public transport can serve as breeding grounds due to the close proximity of individuals.
- Travel: Bringing infested luggage or personal items into homes can introduce bed bugs.
- Second-Hand Furniture: Items may harbor bed bugs, making careful inspection necessary before bringing them into a home.
Treatments should be applied in a targeted manner, focusing on known nesting sites like mattresses, bed frames, and cracks in nearby furniture. This approach maximizes effectiveness and minimizes health risks associated with exposure to pesticides.
What Safety Precautions Should Be Taken When Using Bed Bug Treatments?
When using bed bug treatments, individuals should take specific safety precautions to ensure their health and well-being.
- Read and follow the label instructions.
- Ventilate the area during and after application.
- Wear protective gear, such as gloves and masks.
- Keep children and pets away from treated areas.
- Store pesticides safely and out of reach.
- Avoid contact with treated surfaces until dry.
- Dispose of empty containers properly.
- Be aware of potential allergic reactions.
Taking these precautions is crucial because they help reduce health risks and enhance the effectiveness of the treatment methods.
-
Reading and Following the Label Instructions:
Reading and following the label instructions provides essential guidance on how to apply the treatment effectively and safely. The label on most pesticides outlines usage, dosage, and specific safety measures. A study by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that improper application is one of the primary causes of pesticide-related incidents. -
Ventilating the Area:
Ventilating the area during and after application ensures that harmful fumes dissipate quickly. Proper airflow can reduce inhalation risks and assist in any potential allergic reactions. The American Lung Association emphasizes the importance of ventilation to minimize indoor air pollution. -
Wearing Protective Gear:
Wearing protective gear, such as gloves and masks, safeguards against skin contact and inhalation of harmful chemicals. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling pesticides. -
Keeping Children and Pets Away:
Keeping children and pets away from treated areas minimizes exposure to harmful chemicals. The American Association of Poison Control Centers advises that many pesticide-related incidents involve children and pets, highlighting the importance of isolation during treatment. -
Storing Pesticides Safely:
Storing pesticides safely and out of reach prevents accidental ingestion or exposure. The CDC recommends locked storage areas as a simple preventative measure against poisoning. -
Avoiding Contact with Treated Surfaces:
Avoiding contact with treated surfaces until dry is critical to preventing skin irritation or absorption of chemicals. Many pesticides contain active ingredients that can be harmful if absorbed through the skin. -
Disposing of Empty Containers Properly:
Disposing of empty containers properly helps prevent unintended exposure and environmental damage. The EPA provides guidelines on safe disposal methods, including recycling or disposing of them according to local regulations. -
Being Aware of Potential Allergic Reactions:
Being aware of potential allergic reactions helps individuals respond quickly if they or others experience adverse effects. Research from the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology highlights that some individuals may have heightened sensitivity to certain pesticide ingredients, emphasizing the need for caution.
How Can You Achieve Long-Term Prevention of Bed Bugs After Treatment?
To achieve long-term prevention of bed bugs after treatment, individuals should regularly monitor for signs of infestation, maintain cleanliness and hygiene, seal potential entry points, use protective encasements for mattresses and pillows, and consider ongoing preventive treatments.
Regular monitoring: Conduct frequent inspections of bedding, furniture, and surrounding areas for bed bugs and their excrement. The National Pest Management Association suggests inspecting these areas weekly to catch any potential infestations early.
Maintaining cleanliness: Vacuum frequently to remove any bed bug eggs, shed skins, and adults in sleeping areas. Dispose of the vacuum bag immediately after use to avoid re-infestation. Laundering bedding and clothing in hot water also helps kill any lingering bugs. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends washing items on the highest heat setting for effectiveness.
Sealing potential entry points: Close off gaps and cracks in walls, floors, and furniture. Bed bugs can enter through small spaces. Use caulk to seal these openings, as noted by the University of Kentucky’s Entomology Department. This reduces accessibility and potential entry points for bed bugs.
Using protective encasements: Cover mattresses and pillows with specially designed bed bug-proof encasements. These encasements prevent bed bugs from nesting and make it easier to detect and manage any infestations. Research from the Journal of Economic Entomology supports the effectiveness of encasements as a preventive measure.
Ongoing preventive treatments: Consider periodic treatments with insecticides designed for bed bugs. Integrated Pest Management practices suggest using such treatments as part of a comprehensive prevention strategy. Regularly scheduled professional inspections can also help spot early signs of bed bugs, ensuring a prompt response.
By implementing these strategies, individuals can significantly reduce the risk of a bed bug resurgence after treatment.
What Do Consumer Reviews Say About the Best Bed Bug Products?
Consumer reviews highlight several effective bed bug products, with varying levels of satisfaction among users. Many customers praise the efficacy of certain treatments, while others express frustration over their limitations.
- Heat Treatment Devices
- Insecticides (Chemical Sprays)
- Bed Bug Mattress Encasements
- Vacuum Seal Bags
- Natural Remedies (Diatomaceous Earth, Essential Oils)
- Integrated Pest Management Services
Reviews show mixed feelings about these products. While some users find great success, others share less favorable experiences.
-
Heat Treatment Devices:
Heat treatment devices, such as portable heaters, kill bed bugs through elevated temperatures. Consumers report high satisfaction due to their ability to treat entire rooms without chemicals. A study from Purdue University shows that temperatures above 120°F can effectively eliminate all life stages of bed bugs within 90 minutes. Users appreciate that heat treatment is chemical-free. However, these devices can be expensive and often require professional help for optimal use. -
Insecticides (Chemical Sprays):
Chemical sprays target bed bugs in various life stages. Users often report mixed results, with some finding them highly effective while others complain of poor performance. According to research by the CDC, chemical treatments must be applied correctly to be effective. The Environmental Protection Agency warns of risks associated with misuse. Customers also express concerns about chemical residues and safety, especially in homes with pets or children. -
Bed Bug Mattress Encasements:
Bed bug mattress encasements create a barrier, preventing bed bugs from infesting mattresses and bedding. Many reviews praise their effectiveness in preventing bites and protecting against future infestations. The National Pest Management Association recommends these encasements as a proactive measure. Consumers appreciate the ease of use and the option to machine wash them. Some, however, feel that they might not be effective if bugs are already present in the home. -
Vacuum Seal Bags:
Vacuum seal bags help contain bed bug-infected items, reducing the chance of spreading them. Customers find these bags useful for storing clothing and linens, especially during travel. According to the University of Florida, sealing infested items for several months can effectively eliminate bugs. However, some users note that vacuum bags are not a standalone solution and require additional treatment. -
Natural Remedies (Diatomaceous Earth, Essential Oils):
Natural remedies like diatomaceous earth and essential oils are popular among those seeking chemical-free options. Consumer reviews indicate mixed results, with some achieving success and others finding limited effectiveness. A study by the University of Kentucky demonstrated that diatomaceous earth can kill bed bugs by dehydrating them. Nevertheless, users often emphasize that natural methods require persistence and may take longer than chemical alternatives. -
Integrated Pest Management Services:
Integrated pest management (IPM) combines multiple strategies to eliminate bed bugs, focusing on prevention and control. Many consumers recommend professional IPM services for their comprehensive approach. The EPA emphasizes that IPM is a sustainable solution, combining inspections, monitoring, and treatment methods. Reviews highlight users’ satisfaction with reduced bed bug populations but also mention the higher costs associated with professional services.